Households across all continents wasted over 1 billion meals a day in 2022, while 783 million people were affected by hunger and a third of humanity faced food insecurity. Food waste continues to hurt the global economy and fuel climate change, nature loss, and pollution.. These are the key findings of a UN Environment Programme (UNEP) report coordinated by WRAP and published today (27), during an event for the International Day of Zero Waste. Embrapa Foods and Territories (Maceió, AL, Brazil) contributed to the review of the new global survey on food waste at retail and consumer levels. The full report is available here. The UNEP Food Waste Index Report estimates that in Brazil, household food waste totals around 94 kg per capita yearly. The estimate only considers the domestic food consumption and results from a pilot study held in 2023, in five distinct regions of the city of Rio de Janeiro. That study assessed organic waste through gravimetric analyses in regions with different socioeconomic profiles. "Despite the study being restricted to Rio de Janeiro, the data shows that waste occurs even in lower middle class neighborhoods. The factors that lead to waste need to be explored in qualitative research. It is important to stress that the amount of 94 kg per person a year takes into account both leftovers, such as rice and beans, as well as fruit peels and bones. The UNEP methodology does not divide waste between avoidable and unavoidable, because it deems it relevant to reduce the disposal of organic waste as a whole", comments Gustavo Porpino, analyst at Embrapa Foods and Territories, who worked as a reviewer of the Index. In 2022 there were 1.05 billion tonnes of food waste generated (including inedible parts), amounting to 132 kgs per capita and almost one-fifth of all food available to consumers. Out of the total food wasted in 2022, 60%t happened at the household level, with food services responsible for 28% and retail 12%. “Food waste is a global tragedy. Millions will go hungry today as food is wasted across the world,” said Inger Andersen, Executive Director of UNEP. “Not only is this a major development issue, but the impacts of such unnecessary waste are causing substantial costs to the climate and nature. The good news is we know if countries prioritise this issue, they can significantly reverse food loss and waste, reduce climate impacts and economic losses, and accelerate progress on global goals.” Since 2021, there’s been a strengthening of the data infrastructure with more studies tracking food waste. Globally, the number of data points at the household level almost doubled. Nevertheless, many low- and middle-income countries continue to lack adequate systems for tracking progress to meet Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 of halving food waste by 2030, particularly in retail and food services. Only four G20 countries (Australia, Japan, UK, the USA) and the European Union have food waste estimates suitable for tracking progress to 2030. Canada and Saudi Arabia have suitable household estimates, with Brazil’s estimate expected late 2024. In this context, the report serves as a practical guide for countries to consistently measure and report food waste. The data confirms that food waste is not just a ‘rich country’ problem, with levels of household food waste differing in observed average levels for high-income, upper-middle, and lower-middle-income countries by just 7 kg per capita. At the same time, hotter countries appear to generate more food waste per capita in households, potentially due to higher consumption of fresh foods with substantial inedible parts and a lack of robust cold chains. According to recent data, food loss and waste generates 8-10 per cent of annual global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions – almost 5 times that of the aviation sector – and significant biodiversity loss by taking up the equivalent of almost a third of the world’s agricultural land. The toll of both food loss and waste on the global economy is estimated at roughly US$ 1 trillion. Urban areas are expected to particularly benefit from efforts to strengthen food waste reduction and circularity. Rural areas generally waste less food, with greater diversion of food scraps to pets, livestock, and home composting as likely explanations. As of 2022, only 21 countries have included food loss and/or waste reduction in their national climate plans (NDCs). The 2025 NDCs revision process provides a key opportunity to raise climate ambition by integrating food loss and waste. The Food Waste Index Report underscores the urgency of addressing food waste at both individual and systemic levels. Robust baselines and regular measurement are needed for countries to show changes over time. Thanks to implementation of policies and partnerships, countries such as Japan and the UK show that change at scale is possible, with reductions of 31 per cent and 18 per cent respectively. “With the huge cost to the environment, society, and global economies caused by food waste, we need greater coordinated action across continents and supply chains. We support UNEP in calling for more G20 countries to measure food waste and work towards SDG12.3,” said Harriet Lamb, CEO of WRAP. “This is critical to ensure food feeds people, not landfills. Public-Private Partnerships are one key tool delivering results today, but they require support: whether philanthropic, business, or governmental, actors must rally behind programmes addressing the enormous impact wasting food has on food security, our climate, and our wallets.” UNEP maintains tracking country-level progress to halve food waste by 2030, with a growing focus on solutions beyond measurement towards reduction. One such solution is systemic action through public-private partnerships (PPPs): Bringing the public sector, private sector and non-government to work together, identify bottlenecks, co-develop solutions, and drive progress. Appropriate financing can enable PPPs to deliver farm-to-fork reductions in food waste, drive down GHGs emissions and water stress, while sharing best practices and encouraging innovation for long-term, holistic change. PPPs on food loss and waste are growing worldwide, including in Australia, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, and in the UK where they have helped cut over a quarter of household food waste per capita from 2007-18. Brazilian perspective If only the usually edible parts of the foods are considered, the local annual waste per capita based on the pilot study in Rio de Janeiro is 29 kg. Out of that amount, 21% comprises baked goods (11%) and fruits and vegetables (10%). “The methodology to quantify waste generated by families in Rio was quite robust as it analyzes all the waste generated by households; however, if the family has the habit of composting leftovers or giving them to pets, this portion of the food that is not consumed by people is not captured by the study", Porpino observes. “Avoiding food waste in Brazilian households requires implementing actions starting from the production end of the food cycle onwards, because, for instance, vegetables that spoil quickly in the refrigerator are often discarded due to inadequate pest management, deficiencies in post-harvest handling, or the use of packaging that is unsuited for storage and transportation”, Porpino comments. “Lastly, nutritional education is essential to change consumption habits that are rooted in Brazilian culture, which still highly values abundance on the table”, he adds. For the Embrapa expert, in the final stages of the food production chain, Brazil can increase the quantification and implementation of solutions to improve the management of organic waste in food supply centers (known as CEASAs), street markets and supermarkets. In a recent study by Embrapa, in partnership with Abreme, through the European Union – Brazil Dialogues, waste was quantified in street markets in Curitiba, Recife and Rio Branco. Tomato was the most discarded food in the street markets analyzed. “Possible solutions involve implementing urban collection programs so that safe food is sent to food banks, for instance, and increasing composting for inedible organic waste. Waste from street markets, for example, can become fertilizer for urban and school gardens”, Porpino states. About the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) UNEP is the leading global voice on the environment. It provides leadership and encourages partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations. About WRAP WRAP is a global NGO based in the UK. It is one of the UK’s top 5 environmental charities and works with governments, businesses and individuals to ensure that the world’s natural resources are used sustainably. Founded in 2000 in the UK, WRAP now works around the world and is a Global Alliance Partner of The Royal Foundation’s Earthshot Prize. With information from UNEP's News and Media Unit.